Journal of Attention Disorders

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Free Access - Register Here

Click here for more information

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schatz, D. B.
Right arrow Articles by Rostain, A. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schatz, D. B.
Right arrow Articles by Rostain, A. L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 10, No. 2, 141-149 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/1087054706286698
© 2006 SAGE Publications

Reviews

ADHD With Comorbid Anxiety

A Review of the Current Literature

David Beck Schatz

Stanford University School of Medicine, dschatz{at}stanford.edu

Anthony L. Rostain

University of Pennsylvania

Objective/Method: ADHD is often comorbid with anxiety disorders, with rates approaching 25% in many samples. This current review’s goal is to examine the literature on ADHD with comorbid anxiety from 1998 to the present.

Results: Recent studies indicate that anxiety in ADHD may a) partially inhibit the impulsivity and response inhibition deficits, b) make working memory deficits worse, and c) may be qualitatively different from more phobic types of anxiety seen in pure anxiety samples. In examining subtypes of ADHD, measures of sluggish cognitive tempo show strong correlations with anxiety measures. Insights into the nature of the comorbidity between ADHD and anxiety may be gained by examining the possible comorbidity between Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and ADHD, shared risk factors for ADHD and anxiety, and the current pathogenic models of ADHD.

Conclusion: The article concludes with a synthesis of the above work, along with directions for future research.

Key Words: ADHD • anxiety • OCD • Sluggish Cognitive Tempo • inattentive subtype

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Aston-Jones, G., Rajkowski, J., & Cohen, J. (2000). Locus Coeruleus and regulation of behavioral flexibility and attention. Progress in Brain Research, 126, 165-182.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barkley, R. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bradshaw, J. L., & Sheppard, D. M. (2000). The neurodevelopmental frontostriatal disorders: Evolutionary adaptiveness and anomalous lateralization. Brain and Language, 73, 297-320.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Brown, T. E. (2000). Attention-deficit disorders and comorbidities in children adolescents, and adults. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
  • Busch, B., Biederman, J., Cohen, L. G., Sayer, J. M., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E., et al. (2002). Correlates of ADHD among children in pediatric and psychiatric clinics. Psychiatric Services, 53(9), 1103-1111.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Carlson, C. L., & Mann, M. (2002). Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominently inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 123-129.
  • Clayton, C. I., & Richards, J. C. (1999). Selective attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(1), 171-175.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Crozier, W. R., & Alden, L. E. (2001). International handbook of social anxiety: Concept, research, and interventions relating to the self and shyness. New York: John Wiley.
  • Geller, D., Biederman, J., Griffin, S., Jones J., & Lefkowitz, T. R. (1996). Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder with disruptive behavior disorders: A review and a report. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1637-1646.
  • Gomez, R. (2003). Underlying processes in the poor response inhibition of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attentional Disorders, 6(3), 111-122.
  • Group. (1999). Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1088-1096.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Hartman, C. A., Willcutt, W. G., Rhee, S. H., & Pennington, B. F. (2004). The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM IV ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(2), 491-503.[CrossRef]
  • Jensen, P. S., & Cantwell, D. (1997). Comorbidity in ADHD. Implications for research, practice, and DSM 5. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1065-1079.
  • Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J. H., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: Comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 147-158.
  • Levy, F. (2004). Synaptic gating and ADHD: A biological theory of comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. Neurospychopharmacology, 29, 1589-1596.[CrossRef]
  • Manassis, K., Tannock, R., & Barbosa, J. (2000). Dichotic listening and response inhibition in children with comorbid anxiety disorders in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1152-1159.[CrossRef]
  • Mancini, C., Van Ameringen, M., Oakman, J. M., & Figueiredo, D. (1999). Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with anxiety disorders. Psychological Medicine, 29, 515-525.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mangeot, D. S. (2001). Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 299-406.
  • March, J. S., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, E. L., Hoza, B., Conners, C. K., Hinshaw, S. P., et al. (2000). Anxiety as a predictor and outcome variable in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(6), 527-541.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • McBurnett, K., Pfiffner, L. J., & Frick, P. J. (2001). Symptom properties as a function of ADHD type: An argument for continued study of sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(3), 207-213.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Oosterlaan, J. (1998). Response inhibition and response re-engagement in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruptive, anxious, and normal children. Behavioral Brain Research, 94(1), 33-43.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998). Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, cormorbid AD/HD and CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(3), 411-425.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Pliszka, S. R., Carlson, C., & Swanson, J. M. (1999). ADHD with comorbid disorders: Clinical assessment and management. New York: Guilford.
  • Posner, M. I., & Peterson, S. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Quay, H. (1998). The behavioral reward and inhibition system in childhood behavioral disorder, in attention deficit disorder. New York: Pergamon.
  • Roth, R. M, Wishart, H. A., Flashman, L. A., Riordan, H. J., Huey, L., & Saykin, A. J. (2004). Contribution of organizational strategy to verbal learning and memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 78-85.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Safren, S. A. (2001). Prevalence of childhood ADHD among patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a comparison condition, social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 190-191.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Schachar, R., Tannock, R., Marriott, M., & Logan, G. D. (1995). Deficient inhibitory control and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 411-437.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sergeant, J. (2000). The cognitive-energetic model: An empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 24, 7-12.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Souza, I., Pinheiro, M. A., Denardin, D., Mattos, P., & Rohde, L. A. (2004). ADHD and comorbidity in Brazil: Comparisons between two referred samples. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 243-248.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Spencer, T., Biederman, J., & Wilens, T. (1999). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 46, 915-927.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tannock, R., & Schachar, R. (1995). Differential-effects of methylphenidate on working-memory in ADHD children with and without comorbid anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 886-896.
  • Todd, R. D., Rasmussen, E. R., Wood, C., Levy, F., & Hay, D. A. (2004). Should sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms be included in the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(5), 588-597.[CrossRef]
  • Toro, J., Cervera, M., Osejo, E., & Salamero, M. (1992). Obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence: A clinical study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1025-1037.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J Atten DisordHome page
A.-C. Bedard and R. Tannock
Anxiety, Methylphenidate Response, and Working Memory in Children With ADHD
J Atten Disord, March 1, 2008; 11(5): 546 - 557.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schatz, D. B.
Right arrow Articles by Rostain, A. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schatz, D. B.
Right arrow Articles by Rostain, A. L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?