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Journal of Attention Disorders
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Emotional Expression in Children Treated With ADHD Medication

Development of a New Measure

Amy R. Perwien

Eli Lilly & Company

Christopher J. Kratochvil

University of Nebraska Medical Center

Douglas Faries

Eli Lilly & Company

Brigette Vaughan

University of Nebraska Medical Center

Joan Busner

Penn State College of Medicine

Keith E. Saylor

Neuroscience Inc

Curtis M. Buermeyer

Neuroscience Inc

Stuart Kaplan

Penn State College of Medicine

Ralph Swindle

Eli Lilly & Company

Objective: Although existing instruments contain items addressing the effect of ADHD medications on emotional expression, a review of measures did not yield any instruments that thoroughly evaluated positive and negative aspects of emotional expression. Method: The Expression and Emotion Scale for Children (EESC), a parent-report measure, was developed from an analysis of qualitative data from parent focus groups and expert opinion. Data from 179 parents and children treated with stimulants or atomoxetine are used to examine the psychometric properties of the EESC. Results: The EESC demonstrates good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. A factor analysis yields three factors (positive, flat, and emotional lability) that were consistent with the predicted structure of the measure. Small to moderate correlations between the EESC and psychological symptom measures are found, with the strength of the relationships varying by symptom measure. Conclusion: The EESC shows appropriate psychometric properties and is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(5) 568-579)

Key Words: ADHD medication • emotional expression • side effects • measure development • children

This version was published on March 1, 2008

Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 11, No. 5, 568-579 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/1087054707306117
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